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Zimbabwe Rhodesia (from 1 June 1979) ''Supported by:'' South Africa Portugal (until 1974) ---- FROLIZI (from March 1978) | combatant2 = ZANLA (ZANU) FRELIMO (until 25 June 1975) Mozambique (from 25 June 1975) ''Supported by:'' 〔 〔From liberation movement to government: ZANU and the formulation of the foreign policy of Zimbabwe, 1990. Page 284〕 ---- ZIPRA (ZAPU)〔 MK (ANC) ''Supported by:'' 〔 〔 〔 ---- FROLIZI (until March 1978) | commander1 = Ian Smith P. K. van der Byl Peter Walls Bishop Abel Muzorewa Ndabaningi Sithole (from March 1978)〔 James Chikerema (from March 1978)〔 | commander2 = Herbert Chitepo (until 1975) Josiah Tongogara Robert Mugabe (until 1975) Edgar Tekere Solomon Mujuru Samora Machel ---- Joshua Nkomo (until October 1971) Jason Moyo Lookout Masuku Dumiso Dabengwa Oliver Tambo Joe Slovo | strength1 = 1979: 10,800 regulars 15,000 reservists 8,000 police 19,000 police reservists | strength2 = 1979:〔 25,500 guerrillas ---- 1979:〔 20,000 guerrillas |casualties1=1,361 Rhodesian security forces members killed |casualties2=10,000+ guerrillas killed | notes = 7,790 black civilians killed〔 }} The Rhodesian Bush War—also known as the Second ''Chimurenga'' or the Zimbabwe War of Liberation—was a civil war that took place from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia (latterly Zimbabwe-Rhodesia). The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian government, under Ian Smith (later the Zimbabwe Rhodesian government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa); the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, the military wing of Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union; and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army of Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union. The war and its subsequent Internal Settlement, signed in 1978 by Smith and Muzorewa, led to the implementation in June 1979 of universal suffrage and end of white minority rule in Rhodesia, which was renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia under a black majority government. However, this new order failed to win international recognition and the war continued. Negotiations between the government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, the British government and Mugabe and Nkomo's united "Patriotic Front" took place at Lancaster House, London in December 1979, and the Lancaster House Agreement was signed. The country returned temporarily to British control and new elections were held under British and Commonwealth supervision in March 1980. ZANU won the election and Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980, when the country achieved internationally recognised independence. ==Background== The origins of the war in Rhodesia can be traced to the colonisation of the region by white settlers in the late 19th century, and the dissent of black African nationalist leaders who opposed white minority rule. Rhodesia was settled by British and South African pioneers beginning in the 1890s and while it was never accorded full dominion status, white Rhodesians effectively governed the country after 1923. In his famous "Wind of Change" speech addressed to the parliament of South Africa in 1960, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan stated Britain's intention to grant independence to British colonies in Africa under black majority rule.〔 Many white Rhodesians were concerned that decolonisation and majority rule would bring chaos, as had resulted in the former Belgian Congo in 1960. Britain's unwillingness to compromise on the policy of "''No independence before majority rule''" led to Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence on 11 November 1965. Though Rhodesia had the unofficial support of neighbouring South Africa and Portugal, which governed Mozambique, it never gained formal recognition from any country. Many white Rhodesians viewed the war as one of survival with atrocities committed in the former Belgian Congo, the Mau Mau Uprising campaign in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa fresh in their minds. Many whites (and a sizeable minority of black Rhodesians) viewed their lifestyle as being under attack, which both had considered safer and with a higher standard of living than many other African countries. Although the vote in Rhodesia was technically open to all, regardless of race, property ownership requirements effectively denied the franchise to most of Rhodesia's blacks. The 1969 constitution provided for "Non-Europeans" (principally blacks) to elect representatives for eight of the seats in the 66 seat parliament. A further eight seats were reserved for tribal chiefs. Amidst this backdrop, black nationalists advocated armed struggle to bring about independence in Rhodesia under black majority rule. Resistance also stemmed from the wide economic inequality between blacks and whites. In Rhodesia, whites owned most of the fertile land whilst many blacks were crowded on barren land, following forced evictions or clearances by the colonial authorities. Two rival nationalist organisations soon emerged: the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), following a split in the former in August 1963, following disagreements over tactics as well as tribalism and personality clashes. ZANU and its military wing ZANLA were headed initially by the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, and later Robert Mugabe, consisted mainly of the Shona-speaking tribes. ZAPU and its military wing ZIPRA consisted mainly of Ndebele ethnic groups under Joshua Nkomo.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhodesian Bush War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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